The Old Orangery was built to house exotic trees in the winter season. It is also a place which is very closely linked to art and culture. The Royal Theatre is situated in the Old Orangery, as is the Gallery containing Stanisław August’s collection of sculptures.

The Old Orangery was raised in the years 1785-88, according to a design by Domenico Merlini, court architect to King Stanisław August. The Royal Theatre is one of the few surviving authentic eighteenth-century court theatres in Europe, and the only one of its kind in Poland.

The Royal Theatre

This is one of the few surviving authentic 18th-century court theatres in Europe, and the only example of its kind in Poland. The interior is constructed of wood, which provides superb acoustics. In places it has been covered with marbleized polychromes.

The two-storey auditorium can accommodate 200 spectators. On the ground floor level, simple benches are set on risers, while the first floor contains nine theatre boxes, three on each side of the auditorium. The central one, located directly opposite the stage, was reserved for the King. Set between the boxes are eight female figures made of stucco, holding gilded wooden candlesticks. The figures were designed by the royal sculptor Andre Le Brun, and executed by his assistants working at the royal Sculpture Studio - Giacomo Monaldi and Gioacchino Staggi.

Above the boxes, the illusion has been created of yet another level, with illusionistically painted semi-circular arcades decorated with stucco work, filled with an 18th-century court audience. The creator of this decoration, as well as the remaining illusionistically-painted architecture, was the talented royal artist Jan Bogumił Plersch.

Royal Sculpture Gallery

The Sculpture Gallery in the Old Orangery, alongside the Picture Gallery in the Palace on the Isle and the Gallery of Prints in the White Pavilion, is one of three principal galleries at the Royal Łazienki, which was furnished according to the king's inventory of 1795. From the very beginning of his reign, Stanisław August collected marble statues and plaster copies of the most famous antique and early modern works of art. Some of them were commissioned with a view to complementing the ideology underlying the interior design in the royal residences, as in the case of the Farnese Hercules and Belvedere Apollo in the Ballroom at the Palace on the Isle or the statues of kings in the Rotunda - the pantheon of Polish rulers.

However, the most numerous objects in the royal collection were the sets of plaster casts - this collection of a didactic nature, according to the 1795 inventory, included 563 works of art.

The "Kamsetzer Colonnade" in the Old Orangery, 1787-1788

The most interesting and "one of the most characteristic realizations of the idea of the Enlightenment" is the design of the Royal Sculpture Gallery in the Old Orangery, known as the "Kamsetzer Colonnade". In the design, the most famous copies of Ancient sculptures are displayed against a background of whimsically painted architecture and an idyllic Italian landscape. The Laocoon Group, Farnese Hercules, Farnese Flora, Apollo Belvedere, Meleager, Amazon Mattei, and Hermes Ludovisi are laid out in a pattern of "alleys of statues in Italian gardens". The design executed by the Dresden-born artist Johann Christian Kamsetzer was intended to embody Stanisław August’s idea of a modern public museum and August Moszyński’s conception of an "ideal museum".

For decades, historians believed that the design of the so-called Kamsetzer Colonnade never came to fruition. It was only in 2012 and 2013 when discoveries made during conservation works revealed preserved 18th century paintings hidden behind the plasterwork in the Old Orangery. The detailed nature of Kamsetzer’s designs made it possible to not only carry out conservation works, but also to recreate the Sculpture Gallery according to the King’s conception.

The project, which Stanisław August never managed to complete, could be accomplished thanks to collaboration with the workshop of the Collection of Plaster Moulds of the Berlin State Museums (Gipsformerei, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The Berlin Glypthothek – which owns a collection of more than seven thousand casting moulds and bas-reliefs – made plaster copies of the three missing sculptures from the "Kamsetzer Colonnade". Applying the historical casting process and using 18th century moulds, the following sculptures were cast: The Laocoon Group, Apollo Belvedere, and Meleager. Today, these casts are displayed in the Royal Sculpture Gallery in the Old Orangery.

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